Which of the following is a risk factor for cervical arterial/vertebrobasilar insufficiency?

Master Differential Diagnosis and Medical Screening in Physical Therapy. Engage with flashcards and multiple choice questions, all with detailed explanations. Prepare thoroughly for your exam today!

Vertebrobasilar insufficiency occurs when the posterior circulation of the brain is compromised, often from vascular disease or arterial injury in the neck. Each factor listed can contribute to that risk. Smoking accelerates atherosclerosis and promotes thrombus formation in the vertebral and carotid arteries, increasing the chance of reduced blood flow to the brainstem and cerebellum. Cervical trauma can injure the vertebral artery, leading to dissection, a common mechanism for vertebrobasilar insufficiency that can cause posterior circulation symptoms. Diabetes speeds up vascular disease through metabolic effects that promote plaque buildup and instability, further narrowing arteries and raising the risk of posterior circulation ischemia. Because all three factors can elevate the likelihood of cervical arterial/vertebrobasilar insufficiency, choosing all of the above is the best answer.